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'Sold to the highest bidder' - how Ireland's institutions allowed Americans to adopt Irish children in the 1950s

On average 10 Irish children (the vast majority born outside of marriage) per month were adopted by American citizens in the early-to-mid 1950s.

SONY DSC Kristin Klein Kristin Klein

THE DUBIOUS NATURE of the process surrounding the adoption of Irish children by American citizens in the 1950s has come to light with the publication of foreign policy papers dating from that decade.

The documents, which range from summaries of meetings to communiqués between civil servants to briefing notes for ministers, show a bureaucratic system that was entirely hands off and saw the adoption of Irish children born outside of marriage by foreign citizens as a fundamental ‘good’.

The papers detailing these adoptions are contained in Documents on Irish Foreign Policy Volume X, which covers the years 1951 to 1957, as published by the Royal Irish Academy.

At that time, as many as 10 Irish children a month, the vast majority of them born outside marriage and as a result resident in Catholic institutions, were being adopted by Americans. Some 330 such children left these shores between 1950 and 1952, with such records only being kept from the former date.

This trend was far from secret, and indeed was openly derided in the British press.

At the time the then Department of External Affairs (now Foreign Affairs) saw its role as being purely administrative in nature – it supplied each child with a passport, leaving the suitability or otherwise of each potential adoptive family to the Catholic Church, in whose institutions these illegitimate (as they were officially described) children invariably resided.

Catholic Charities

Throughout the papers it is made clear that the adoption of Irish children born to single parents by Americans was seen entirely as a good thing by Ireland’s senior ministers. Then Justice Minister, Fianna Fáil’s Gerald Boland “favoured the sending of children to America for adoption in suitable homes where the alternative would be life in an institution in this country”, according to one memo from April 1954, though it is emphasised that that viewpoint had never been stated publicly.

Politics - John Kennedy Visit - London Fianna Fáil Minister for External Affairs Frank Aiken (left) and US President John F Kennedy in London in 1963 PA Archive / PA Images PA Archive / PA Images / PA Images

In fact, a major source of worry for the Department at the time was that it would be seen as being “quite embarrassing if, in some case, a child had to be left in this country owing to the impossibility of issuing a passport in time” due to the short notice with which American servicemen (based in the UK, who comprised a substantial portion of the adopting Americans in question) were often transferred.

However, the problem of possibly granting an adoption to people who would not be able to adequately care for the child remained.

The Department of External Affairs solution to the problem of gaining adequate prior approval for US citizens seeking to adopt in Ireland was for those Americans to receive the blessing (via “very detailed and comprehensive reports” into a subject’s finances and home life) of an organisation known as the Catholic Charities prior to granting a passport application to a child.

This institution, which had branches across the US (and remains active to this day), was seen as providing the most “complete vetting” of any American individuals seeking to adopt an Irish infant.

Unfortunately, the vetting in question turned out to be less complete than had been believed, a fact that first came to light in late 1953 when a number of children began to arrive in the Archdiocese of Chicago without adequate pre-approval of the would-be adopting families.

Misplaced children

An interview with a Monsignor O’Grady of the Catholic Charities organisation at the Department in Dublin in January 1956 only served to deepen suspicions that all was not well with the vetting process.

O’Grady appears to have avoided detailed questions as to the nature of his organisation’s US operations, before bemoaning the “irregular” adoptions carried out by a “commercial operator” in Texas and Wisconsin who had been making money from such adoptions, which in turn had caused O’Grady’s organisation “grave embarrassment”.

The Monsignor then neglected to answer a question as to whether or not that operator was in fact connected with the Catholic Charities, before admitting that it was “true” that children were being “misplaced” in the USA owing to “deceit” on the American side.

It subsequently emerged that the Catholic Charities was not “in fact equipped at all its branches to deal satisfactorily with adoptions”, and that indeed some adoptions had only proceeded when agents of the organisation had given personal recommendations for unsuitable candidates in lieu of an in-depth vetting process.

A subsequent memo between Dublin and the Irish embassy in Chicago indicated the poor impression the Monsignor had made on his interviewers: “Monsignor O’Grady made a very poor impression on us. He is very old and rather senile at times… It beats us how he holds down such a job.”

The revelation, meanwhile, that the Catholic Charities may not have been all they were cracked up to be came as a “blow… (as) all our adoption arrangements centred around the recommendations of the branches”.

Again, the embarrassment involved for the Department appears to have been the major concern for the relevant officials, rather than the plight of the children involved:

While I do not wish to suggest that there was anything in the nature of mass irregularities under the old regime, it was disturbing for us to find that any loophole existed, especially since there is persistent public criticism in this country of these adoptions, most of it admittedly emanating from ‘wild’ reports in the cheap Sunday English papers.

The Department’s response to the scandal was perhaps a little restrained to put it mildly by modern standards – it simply decreed that from that time no recommendations would be accepted from the Catholic Charities… unless the recommending branch was licensed and approved as a child-placing agency by local State authorities in the US.

And from there?

We are not really desperately interested since our new regime removes our earlier total dependence on the organisation.

The adoption heard round the world

JANE RUSSEL PREMIERE LAS VEGAS Jane Russell in Las Vegas, February 1952 AP / Press Association Images AP / Press Association Images / Press Association Images

The Irish government’s take on the adoption of a 15-month-old Irish boy by Hollywood starlet Jane Russell in November 1951 is also detailed.

Russell, who was unable to have children of her own, had publicly expressed her interest in adopting an Irish baby boy at that time (to accompany the baby girl she had already taken custody of). She subsequently brought baby Thomas Kavanagh, a son of Irish parents, from his home in London to the US with his parents’ consent, on condition that the boy would live in loving circumstances and be given an education.

The actress’ desire to adopt in Ireland had been widely reported across the world (and most especially in Britain) in advance of her arrival – indeed one report in the Irish Times on 30 October 1951 carried a statement from the Church of Ireland Moral Welfare Organisation saying that Russell “would be most ill-advised to come here expecting to be able to adopt a child by just asking for one”.

But Russell did not come to Ireland. She went to London instead.

The baby (who was offered to Russell by his mother upon the actress’ arrival in London, her visit and its purpose having been well-flagged in advance) was granted a passport by the Irish embassy in London on 6 November 1951. Dublin did not become appraised of the nature of this passport until some days after the child had travelled to the US.

An internal memo prepared for then External Affairs Minister Frank Aiken of Fianna Fáil in the immediate aftermath of the infamous adoption seems to suggest that as far as Ireland was concerned, the entire affair was a “publicity stunt” on behalf of Russell, given that one of her agents (who had stood guarantor for the baby’s passport application) had informed the Irish passport office that Russell “was not adopting the child”).

Bar the granting of a passport, the affair happened mostly on the UK’s watch. Legislation introduced in Britain in 1950 forbade this manner of adoption, so the reason given for the child’s journey was  a three-month “holiday”, as Home Secretary Sir Maxwell Fyfe told the House of Commons on 15 November, nine days after the ‘adoption’.

From an Irish point of view there was nothing more that could be done once the passport had been granted, for “the strict rules applicable in such cases (in the UK) were complied with” (it should be noted that, unlike the vast majority of American adoptions of Irish children during this period, the child in question was not born outside wedlock).

The incident nearly cost Russell her career according to the BBC.  Baby Thomas meanwhile, lives in Arizona to this day.

Servicemen abroad

Aside from the issuance of an Irish passport, the Jane Russell situation bore little resemblance to the majority of these adoptions from Ireland as the child in question had been removed from the UK (a country which at least had adoption regulations in place, even if they were easy to circumvent) rather than Ireland, was born through wedlock, and had not been resident in a religious institution.

Ireland had no such adoption regulations in the early 1950s. Many of the adoptions thus secured were those of US armed forces servicemen serving in the UK, who were looking to bring a child home to the US with them.

A civil servant from External Affairs explains the Department’s powerlessness to interfere in a memo dating from December 1951:

“… (British) make it an offence to bring a child in such circumstances out of Great Britain. Here there is no offence unless the child were being abducted.”

Put simply, at that time an American citizen had only to secure a passport (which was easily done) for the child they wished to adopt in order to claim them.

The flaws in this approach seem to have finally hit home with the Department in the aftermath of the Russell case, although the key issue for officials appears to have been the problem of self-preservation.

WWII British Isles American servicemen based in the UK sightseeing in London in 1945 AP / Press Association Images AP / Press Association Images / Press Association Images

Fundamentally, the problem was not that such adoptions were necessarily wrong, or even immoral, but that should an infant end up in disadvantageous circumstances (such as being sold on the black market) in the US the Department of External Affairs would be held responsible, as a note between Dublin and London from January 1952 shows:

“You will remember that in the Jane Russell case the papers were also in order, even more so in order perhaps, and yet that did not keep us out of trouble.”

…It is we who give the passport without which the child cannot travel to the USA. Now, while the consents to which you refer are quite alright, supposing it happened that the child was surrendered to persons who, on arrival in the USA, proceeded to sell it off to the highest bidder, with consequent press publicity etc. It is we who would be held responsible.
I have taken an extreme case for my example but the fact is that, if any child who left this country for adoption in America figured in an unsavoury press campaign, racket or other exposure, it is this Department that would face the music.

The rather blasé language used to describe this process is further depressingly illustrated in the same memo when the civil servant in question describes the futility of obtaining an undertaking that an adopted child should never become a public charge:

There is no danger that such a child would ever become a public charge; it would simply be sold or surrendered to another couple.

‘No ‘colour’ problem’

The sheer otherworldliness of the atmosphere surrounding these adoptions is perhaps summed up in the following exchange however.

The political nature of the adoptions is detailed on more than one occasion in the released documents.

A Consul General in New York wrote to an Irish civil servant in August 1951 suggesting that the goodwill of the American parents in such cases might be harnessed to foster anti-partition sentiment in Ireland. That suggestion was shot down in no uncertain terms:

“With regard to the final paragraph of your minute of 6 June, we are not impressed with the possibility of retaining the sympathy or goodwill of intending foster parents for anti-partition purposes, as we feel that the great majority of them have no connections with this country and that they simply look to Ireland to obtain children for adoption because the ‘demand’ in the US for children far exceeds the ‘supply’ and adoption matters are not as yet regulated by law here (Ireland’s first adoption bill was introduced in 1952),” the response reads.

Rather disturbingly, the guaranteed ‘whiteness’ of the Irish children in question appears to be something of a selling point according to the civil servant:

Moreover, there is no ‘colour’ problem here so that intending foster parents in the US know that Irish children are ‘guaranteed’ in that respect.

Read: ‘Bloody hell Your Majesty, I nearly shot you’ – Britain’s queen was almost killed by her guardsman

Read: “Bringing 250 people into a town of just 2,000″ – Council meets to discuss housing of refugees in refurbished hotel

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122 Comments
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    Mute Dave Barrett
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:32 AM

    Nnoooooooo!

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    Mute lambda sensor
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:37 AM

    @Dave Barrett: correct decision. It’s a split parliament so he (nor May) can get a vote through. Call an election and let the people put in a new parliament together. With Labour polling poorly BoJo will likely get the majority he needs to push his deal through. My guess is the UK will be out on 31st December so BoJo can start a new year, a new decade and a new vision from 2020.

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    Mute Karl Charlie
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:39 AM

    @lambda sensor: brexit is the uk leaving the eu, its not the uk leaving the eu only if they get a deal an extension should NOT have been granted for the 3rd time

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    Mute @Anthonyweim
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:47 AM

    @lambda sensor: are you writing BoJos scripts? A new parliament a new year? Let’s call Brexit for what it is an imperialist racist vote. They couldn’t mess up the EU from inside and now they still want it all their own way. Filling news with sound-bytes of starvation and threats for Ireland. How can a nation be so deluded? EU should pull the pin and let them enjoy the fruits of their desires

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    Mute Karl Charlie
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:55 AM

    @@Anthonyweim: i agree it will cripple us here but were irish if we could handle fighting them for 800 years we csn handle a no deal brexi, poor NI and the ogre up there would be f@:#==( though

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    Mute James Gorman #FBPE
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:09 AM

    @lambda sensor: a new vision? BoJo? Ha ha ha ha

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    Mute SF Knee Knockers
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:41 AM

    @Dave Barrett: yes

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    Mute lambda sensor
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:42 AM

    @James Gorman #FBPE: 2020 vision? Great soundbite I am sure BoJo has thought of. Britain leading the way, all that sort of stuff.

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    Mute lambda sensor
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:45 AM

    @Karl Charlie: you dont seem to appreciate how damaging a No Deal would be for BOTH sides. The EU granted the extension to avoid damage on their side NOT the UKs side. By the way, this is only an interim agreement. There’s still the whole longterm arrangement between the UK and the EU to be sorted once they actually leave. This process will be going on for another 10 years or more. Look at NAFTA renegotiated after 25 years.

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    Mute Cocker
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:46 AM

    @lambda sensor: can we stop calling him BoJo ffs ? It’s not the Kardashian’s

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    Mute Patricia Mcnamara
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:56 AM

    @SF Knee Knockers: please nooooooooo.

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    Mute Barry Somers
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    Oct 28th 2019, 12:08 PM

    @Cocker: actually it’s better to call him BoJo, it makes him sound like the clown he is. He doesn’t like the name.

    He likes being called Borris, so I wouldn’t call him that.

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    Mute SC
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    Oct 28th 2019, 12:12 PM

    @@Anthonyweim: how is Brexit imperialist? Check the definition of imperialism. Yes the UK is imperialist, but so is the EU. Brexit might be bad for imperialism if it pits various factions against eachother. That was how it was defeated after WW1 in Russia and Ireland.

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    Mute Bridget O'Hanlon
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    Oct 29th 2019, 12:31 AM

    @lambda sensor: Vision?

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    Mute Dave Allman
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:09 AM

    The year is 2192.
    The British PM travels to Brussels to ask for the annual extension to Brexit.
    Nobody knows when this tradition started but it always draws a good crowd.

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    Mute Frank Kenny
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:13 AM

    @Dave Allman: Meanwhile a Terminator is sent back to 2016 to hunt down those responsible.

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    Mute Roy O'Rourke
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:34 AM

    Brilliant. It’ll DEFINITELY be sorted by then

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    Mute Peter Cavey
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:16 AM

    @Roy O’Rourke: it’s ridiculous. I’m sure parliament will still break for 2-3 weeks at Christmas.

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    Mute pat seery
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    Oct 28th 2019, 6:12 PM

    @Roy O’Rourke: Doubtful

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    Mute Bruce Wardrop
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:33 AM

    FFS. May as well be an extension until the 20th Jan 2031.

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    Mute Paul Malone
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:35 AM

    Shouldn’t have been granted. They voted out so out they should go. Deal or no deal.

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    Mute Paul Furey
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:32 AM

    @Paul Malone: how can they possibly go with no deal?

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    Mute WoodlandBard
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:04 AM

    @Paul Malone: Over a million have died there since the last vote, and probably more than a million new registered voters too. There have been national and local elections since too. I think it needs a new vote to see where it stands, and this time it’s a vote with a plan, not just a survey on an idea.

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    Mute Maurice Mulcahy
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:33 AM

    FFS

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    Mute Shaun Gallagher
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:33 AM

    The EU have no b”””s. Kick them out

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    Mute Paul Furey
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:01 AM

    @Shaun Gallagher: without a deal? I suppose you understand the whole “deal” thing?

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    Mute Shaun Gallagher
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:13 AM

    @Paul Furey: They will have to make deals anyway after they leave so what’s the point of keeping up this charade. Let them leave and force them to act

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    Mute Cocker
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:52 AM

    @Shaun Gallagher: because both the EU and the UK need to do what is in each of their best interests. You know, a deal. Where both parties achieve something agreeable. A no deal situation is not in both parties best interests. The UK seek and extension to avoid a no deal. The EU grant the extension to avoid a no deal. It really is that simple

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    Mute Shaun Gallagher
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    Oct 28th 2019, 3:06 PM

    @Cocker: If it’s that simple a deal would have been done long ago. It’s all down to the EU not wanting UK to go and they are holding out for them to have another referendum which won’t happen either. It’s just a joke at this stage

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    Mute Jason Ebbs
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    Oct 28th 2019, 7:06 PM

    @Paul Furey: They should go, that’s what they voted for. Having a deal wasn’t part of the referendum that Cameron called. It was a referendum on stay or go. It wasn’t a referendum based on stay or go out with a deal. Those that voted no just want out.

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    Mute Kenneth Hayden
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:33 AM

    Yawn…

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    Mute pat seery
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:43 AM

    Borris l hope there is water in the ditch

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    Mute Patricia Mcnamara
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:58 AM

    @pat seery: dirty water…..

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    Mute @Anthonyweim
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:34 AM

    Of course they did. Sure without Brexit the press would be devoid of any other topic to ramble on about……..

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    Mute Karl Charlie
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:36 AM

    UK says jump EU says how high for how long on one foot or two

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    Mute Paul Furey
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:34 AM

    @Karl Charlie: UK says EU help me as I’m still unable to sort out this pathetic mess I made for myself over 3 years ago….wahhh wahh wahhhhhhh!

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    Mute Barry Somers
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    Oct 28th 2019, 12:10 PM

    @Karl Charlie: EU is jumping for nobody.

    UK gov was forced into seeking an extention. The EU was being nice giving it. Nothing more

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    Mute Robert Preston
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    Oct 29th 2019, 5:11 AM

    @Barry Somers: Yes by the remainder MPs The EU being nice what anidiot .

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    Mute dar
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:38 AM

    Just let them go ffs

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    Mute Brian Hunt
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:34 AM

    Ah here , sick of this. Go back to the polls for a public vote. Their a disgrace at this stage

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    Mute Christopher Mc Quillan
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:34 AM

    Your having a laugh

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    Mute Keith O'Reilly
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:36 AM

    Part of me is laughing at the idiocy of Brexiteers for messing everything up time and time again, but the other part of me is just tired of this tbh.

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    Mute sVRCsaSg
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:47 AM

    @Keith O’Reilly: this extension wasn’t granted because people who want Brexit can’t get it done. It was granted because a number of politicians who don’t want Brexit are holding a minority government hostage. They’re asking for an amazing deal from a position of weakness knowing they will never get a deal good enough for them to accept. And they’re terrified of granting an election because they know they will be hit hard. They don’t want to lead, they want to sit back and force a minority government to give them what they want and are scared of the public.

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    Mute Paul Furey
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:36 AM

    @sVRCsaSg: Wrong! Ironically it’s the Brexiteer MPs that have been delaying everything by voting against all critical motions in parliament.

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    Mute sVRCsaSg
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:57 AM

    @Paul Furey: this extension was granted because Labour shot down the latest deal.
    Maybe there was a time when the deal proposed wasn’t hardcore enough for some Brexiteers. But that certainly isn’t the case now and I think it would be tough to make a case that Labour voted down this deal because it’s not real a Brexit.
    And Labour know that’s how people see them. And they’re terrified of an election because so many of their heartlands voted leave and won’t take kindly to their refusal to help deliver Brexit in good faith.

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    Mute Willy Mc Bride
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:46 AM

    Huge shock … My ar$e.
    Elitism blocking democracy.
    Those whom lost vote on Brexit , the elite, establishment , etc , will not consent to democratic vote.
    What’s to happen should brexit not happen as those whom lost are forcing on the people?
    I understand here we were throdden on in both Nice and Lisbon. Brits will not concede to this anti democracy.

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    Mute DJ François
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:04 AM

    @Willy Mc Bride: waffle.

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    Mute Paul Furey
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:38 AM

    @Willy Mc Bride: you shot yourself in the foot there mentioning Lisbon. Go google what actually happened. As for anti democracy, BJ have wanted multiple votes in parliament and wont let the people another vote based on what they know now. They knew nothing 3.5 years ago.

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    Mute Marie Louise Ryan
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:59 AM

    The saga…. To be continued……

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    Mute Elaine Ni Churrain
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:50 AM

    Boris only has another few days to find himself a luxurious ditch to lay down in

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    Mute Dave Allman
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:08 AM

    The year is 2192.
    The British PM travels to Brussels to ask for the annual extension to Brexit.
    Nobody knows when this tradition started but it always draws a good crowd.

    12
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    Mute Noel Doherty
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:25 AM

    @Dave Allman: the year is 2019 and Dave’s comment has been sent back in multiple times case no one saw it initially

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    Mute Jake Kelly
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:58 AM

    We’re probably the only reason why the EU haven’t booted them out already, The Irish border issue should be important to them because it does effect them. Back in the day the nationalists and unionists had dealings with foreign terrorist organisations if shenanigans (damn You journal language filter) starts back up again who’s to say they won’t do so again which then becomes a problem for Europe

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    Mute Atlas' burden
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:48 AM

    800 years waiting for them to leave Ireland and they still cling on.

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    Mute Red4fred
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:21 AM

    Do you think I could get an extension to my house so easily?

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    Mute Alan Kelly
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:45 AM

    @Red4fred: if Arlene Foster has a say you will be goosed.

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    Mute Peter Jo
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:43 AM

    Surprise surprise, never thought they would have got

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    Mute Michael Byrne
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:20 AM

    Fantastic….it’s gives our government here another few months to keep blaming everything on Brexit….Jesus H Christ.

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    Mute Scott Cooper
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:54 AM

    Boris Johson looking for a nice quiet ditch somewhere now?

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    Mute Fr. Fintan Stack
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    Oct 28th 2019, 2:32 PM

    I have to say my vocabulary and command of the English language grows almost weekly since this Brexit thing. Latest is now “Flextension”. There must be someone on the payroll just to come up with these new words.

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    Mute Tara Looney
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    Oct 28th 2019, 9:45 AM

    Raging..

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    Mute Ian Holmes
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:34 AM

    Everyone point at the Uk and laugh ……

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    Mute Patricia Mcnamara
    Favourite Patricia Mcnamara
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:55 AM

    The never ending story. ENOUGH Already.

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    Mute Noel Martin
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    Oct 28th 2019, 5:57 PM

    Just when I was looking forward to the end of the Sky News countdown clock

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    Mute Declan B
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:38 AM

    If ever you wanted an example of “kicking the can down the road”

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    Mute Declan Moran
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    Oct 28th 2019, 6:30 PM

    A FFS. The countdown clock on sky news will never reach zero at this rate

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    Mute Eamon McGowan
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:11 AM

    The ordinary British people are being ignored by the EU loving elites. The EU deserves to go the way of the USSR, which was also a totally corrupt unelected empire of privilege and bureaucracy.

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    Mute Seamus Brady
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    Oct 28th 2019, 6:07 PM

    @Eamon McGowan: sap

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    Mute Darren Carroll
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:11 AM

    Another extension for them not to pass a deal..then second referendum

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    Mute Mill Lane
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:10 AM
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    Mute Mick Costello
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    Oct 28th 2019, 11:33 AM

    Ah sure keep it going lads …..joke

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    Mute Cahal Mckervey
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    Oct 28th 2019, 6:46 PM

    They are in it for the long haul…..Hotel California “you can never leave”, Johnston is backing a loser.DUP are saying they sent him to the naughty step ….twice oh! what power they hold.

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    Mute IP.Man
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:41 AM

    Damn another three-month daily British mess in all media. Hopefully, the next prime clown is funny.

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    Mute Todd Hebert
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    Oct 28th 2019, 10:18 PM

    Hopefully Boris is choking down lots of crow and hating every second of it.

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    Mute Paul Dooley
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    Oct 28th 2019, 3:53 PM

    Someone should replace his red bus in photo shop with that big artic trailer in Essex and Nigel’s picture of emigrants marching

    See will that put the grin on the other side of his ugly mug

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    Mute dB O'Neill
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    Oct 29th 2019, 5:38 PM

    And now he has lost all credibility with his own party. He insisted time & time again Oct 31st was the day. I think some very clever people lined him up to be the fall guy for this mess. Cameron ran a mile from it, May for all her efforts failed and now Boris has flinched. It’s the definition of clusterfu*k

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