THE MEMORIES that came flooding back were so horrific that Lisa Nasseff says she tried to kill herself: She had been raped several times, had multiple personalities and took part in satanic rituals involving unthinkable acts. She says she only got better when she realized they weren’t real.

Nasseff, 31, is suing a suburban St Louis, Missouri treatment centre where she spent 15 months being treated for anorexia, claiming one of its psychologists implanted the false memories during hypnosis sessions in order to keep her there long-term and run up a bill that eventually reached $650,000 (€485,000). The claims seem unbelievable, but her lawyer, Kenneth Vuylsteke, says other patients have come forward to say they, too, were brainwashed and are considering suing.

“This is an incredible nightmare,” Vuylsteke said.

Castlewood Treatment Center’s director, Nancy Albus, and the psychologist, Mark Schwartz, deny the allegations. Albus pledged to vigorously fight the lawsuit, which was filed 21 November in St Louis County and seeks the repayment of medical expenses and punitive damages. As in repressed memory cases, which typically involve allegations of abuse that occurred during childhood, the outcome will likely hinge on the testimony of experts with starkly different views on how memory works.

Trauma

Nasseff, who lives in St Paul, Minnesota, stayed at Castlewood from July 2007 through March 2008 and returned for seven months in 2009. She was struggling with anorexia and as a resident of Minnesota, which requires insurers to cover long-term eating disorders, she could afford to stay at the centre, which sits on a high bluff in the suburb of Ballwin overlooking a park and meandering river. Most states, including Missouri, don’t require such coverage.

In her lawsuit, Nasseff claims Schwartz used hypnotic therapy on her while she was being treated with psychotropic drugs, and her lawyer says Schwartz gave her books about satanic worship to further reinforce the false memories. She says she was led to believe she was involved in a satanic cult whose rituals included eating babies, that she had been sexually abused and raped multiple times, and that she had exhibited 20 different personalities.

Vuylsteke said the trauma was too much to bear, and that Nasseff tried to get hold of drugs to kill herself during her stay.

“Can you imagine how you would feel if you thought you had participated in all these horrible things?” Vuylsteke asked.

Eventually, Nasseff learned from other women treated at Castlewood that they, too, had been convinced through therapy that they were involved in satanic cults, Vuylsteke said. And, he said, those women were also from Minnesota, allowing insurance to pay for their treatment.

“It seems like quite a coincidence that all of this cult activity was in Minnesota,” he said.

Nasseff returned to Minnesota, where she works part-time in public relations and has her eating disorder in check, her lawyer said.

In her lawsuit, she claims Schwartz warned her in October 2010 to return to Missouri for additional treatment or she would die from her disorder. She says he left a phone message this October warning that if she sued, all of her memories of satanic rituals and abuse would be revealed.

Schwartz, reached by phone at the centre, where he is its clinical co-director, denied any wrongdoing but declined to discuss the case further because he hadn’t hired a lawyer yet. He previously told ABCNews.com that he never hypnotized Nasseff, that they had never discussed satanic cults and that she never told him she had committed criminal acts.

Albus didn’t respond to requests for comment, but she told Courthouse News Service that Castlewood “strongly believes that all of these claims are without merit and we intend to defend these claims vigorously.”

Repression

Some experts, including University of California, Irvine, professor Elizabeth Loftus, question the validity of repressed memory cases, which became more commonplace in the 1990s.

“Where is the proof you can be raped in satanic rituals and have absolutely no awareness of it, then reliably recover those memories later?” she asked.

However, neither Loftus nor Jim Hopper, a clinical instructor of psychology at Harvard Medical School, would speculate about whether Schwartz may have implanted false memories. Both agreed people can have memories of events that didn’t really happen and that the power of suggestion can play a role in producing false memories.

Loftus cited several medical malpractice cases won over memories that proved to be false.

Hopper said he believes memory is complex.

“Something that happened years ago can be encoded in the brain in various ways, and various combinations of those memory representations may be retrieved, or not, in various ways, for various reasons, at any particular time,” he said.