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The Viking lander, launched on 20 August 1975 and arrived at Mars on 19 June 1976 AP Photo

In pics: Missions to Mars through the years

As NASA lands a new exploratory probe on Mars, TheJournal.ie takes a look back over previous Mars missions…

THE FIRST DETAILED images of the surface of Mars were captured by the Mariner 4 in 1965.

NASA’s Mariner 4 was the first man-made object to successfully travel past the planet. The grainy black and white images transmitted back to Earth show heavily cratered areas on the planet.

Exploring the Red Planet has met numerous technical difficulties and setbacks over the years. Aside from a number of Mars mission launch failures, spacecraft have also lost contact with Earth before the expected expiration of their mission, such as NASA’s Mars Observer. Communication with its controllers ended abruptly shortly before it was scheduled to enter Martian orbit in August 1993.

The first man-made objects to successfully land on Mars were the Soviet Mars 2 and 3 unmanned probes launched in 1971.

Later successful landings on the Martian surface saw soil samples taken for analysis and the discovery of ice water under the surface, as well as the transmission of much more detailed and dramatic images of the planet. Studies of soil samples taken by the Opportunity rover, which landed on Mars in 2004, suggested that the planet could have had an environment hospitable to life in the past.

The Red Planet
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  • The Red Planet

    The first image - taken by Mariner 4 - of the Martian surface clearly showing craters on Mars. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    Two spacecraft engineers sit among three generations of Mars rovers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab in California, January 2012. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
  • The Red Planet

    NASA's Mars Rover Opportunity photographed its own shadow in the late afternoon light looking eastwards towards the Endeavour Crater in May 2012. (Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/Arizona State University)
  • The Red Planet

    1973: Viking's aeroshell which protected the lander during its entry into the Martian atmosphere. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    A Viking 1 image from the Martian surface, 1976, which suggests the brilliant colours of the Red Planet. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    Viking 1 launching from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on the evening of 20 August, 1975. It went into orbit around Mars in the middle of 1976 and holds the record for longest Mars surface mission (of over 6 years). (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    A technician checks soil sampler equipment on the Viking 1 Lander in 1971 ahead of its mission to Mars. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    A photo from the Viking 2 lander of the Martian surface showing a thin coating of water ice on rocks and soil in May 1979. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    The Martian surface, photographed by the Viking 1 lander on 20 July, 1976. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    A FIDO rover is tested on Earth in an experiment simulating conditions on Mars in 1999. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    2000: Gully landforms on the Martian surface are believed to have been caused by geologically-recent liquid water movement. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    Image captured in May 2000 by the Mars Global Surveyor shows examples of Martian gullies proposed to have been formed by liquid water. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    A 360-degree panorama of the Pathfinder landing site on Mars in 1997. (Image: NASA)
  • The Red Planet

    A Hubble photograph of Mars in 1999 as Mars was 87 million km from Earth. (Image: NASA)

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    Mute sean o reilly
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:05 AM

    This headline should read ” insurance company reaping the benefits of gender directive”.

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    Mute talkingsense
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    Mar 21st 2014, 9:43 AM

    My insurance hasn’t gone down whatsoever! Also under this directive can I get a refund on the €4200 I paid for my first Years insurance back in the day

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    Mute Roy Dowling
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    Mar 21st 2014, 7:51 AM

    It’s all about equality.

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    Mute Hound of Cooley
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:32 AM

    Equality not so great now ladies.

    35
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    Mute TheLoneHurler
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    Mar 21st 2014, 12:02 PM

    Can men reclaim the horrific car insurance payments they made in their late teens and early twenties whilst women drove off paying less than half those rates? It was pure discrimination.

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    Mute Farbin
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:00 AM

    So is the article complaining that there is equality now?

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    Mute Amphroaí Ó hAipilbí
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:01 AM

    It seems so.

    Michelle must have enjoyed all those complimentary comments yesterday, because she’s on fire this morning.

    52
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    Mute Fiona Ryan
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    Mar 21st 2014, 9:06 AM

    I thought it was more that insurance companies are taking advantage of the directive?

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    Mute Mike Clinton
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    Mar 21st 2014, 7:57 AM

    It’s about time.

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    Mute Amphroaí Ó hAipilbí
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:00 AM

    Isn’t equality nice!

    I suppose the usual bleaters will complain now because things are not equal enough for them…

    … and perhaps post such thoughts up in the form of articles.

    47
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    Mute Ailbhe O'Nolan
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:13 AM

    There are positives and negatives of equality. You can’t expect to reap the gains and avoid the loses!

    Cue Sinéad giving out!

    46
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    Mute Andrew Potts
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:13 AM

    Can’t wait for the age directive so older motorists have to pay the same as younger motorists

    46
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    Mute Shane Barry
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:27 AM

    Mine still costs €1200 a year, which I can’t afford. Even my friends who now have full licences are paying at least €800 a year.

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    Mute Joseph Dempsey
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:17 AM

    Complete Bo#$&x. Not a claim ever my renewal quote doubled this week, I don’t recall having a sex change. Even scouring around general quotes more than last years premium.

    46
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    Mute Brenda Collins
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:40 AM

    Mine went up significantly after the gender directive, but I noticed that my older sister, who doesn’t even have a full licence, still paid less than me. So age must be a factor too. My premium has now come down again thankfully, but all savings will be lost by the time I have to renew my health insurance!

    26
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    Mute Jane Sherlock
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:34 AM

    Go online to renew health insurance, big money can be saved that way

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    Mute Hound of Cooley
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:40 AM

    Mine went down in fact all i pay is €350 fully comp. Its great really considering it was 800 two years ago… roll on the equality movement… next i hope that ALL my fellow citizens who drive around in 2014 brand new cars and hi-aces have to pay actual income tax and have benefits stopped until they can prove income… now there’s a novel idea.

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    Mute Paul Roche
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    Mar 21st 2014, 2:05 PM

    I’m amused you are envious of those who drive HiAces…

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    Mute Neal Ireland Hello.
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    Mar 21st 2014, 5:17 PM

    There should be a tax on excess cynicism and assuming the worst about your fellow citizens.

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    Mute Brendan Cooney
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    Mar 21st 2014, 7:56 AM

    Good

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    Mute Larry L'Oiseau
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:10 AM

    They obviously didn’t talk to Aviva if the research is indicating an average price drop for men.

    39
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    Mute Damo
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:33 AM

    My claim trippled this week. When I rang them I was told that all insurance was going up all across the board due to more claims. I had to shop around, I got a cheaper quote only 100euro over my old quote. Insurance companies are like criminals. Charge what they like with no fear.

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    Mute Deasun Mac An Choiligh
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:27 AM

    Seeing as this a gender directive should LBGTI persons incur more costs , on account of their sexual mis-adventures and the dangers therin …, or is gender not a social construct when it comes to health insurance ?

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    Mute Martin Bishop
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:55 AM

    Sorry?
    Are you suggesting a gay person sleeps around more then a heterosexual?

    Go out on any Saturday night and you’ll see a heterosexual person hooks up sleeps around the same as somebody that is gay, their all human’s after all with the same urges and desires.

    34
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    Mute Norman Hunter
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    Mar 21st 2014, 9:07 AM

    Gender is not the same as sexuality.ffs.

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    Mute Deasun Mac An Choiligh
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    Mar 21st 2014, 9:14 AM

    http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/service/advertorials/sexually-transmitted-infections-in-men-who-have-sex-with-men-msm-continue-to-soar-30086359.html , I’m merely stating a fact and proposed that perhaps a person who “identifies” as gay should bear the financial brunt if their lifestyle choice endangers their health

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    Mute Fiona Ryan
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    Mar 21st 2014, 9:20 AM

    Don’t feed the troll/Neanderthal lads

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    Mute Ailbhe O'Nolan
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:16 AM

    Gay women are at a lower risk. Should they pay less?
    As a gay women, I don’t think so.

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    Mute Daisy Chainsaw
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:50 AM

    They say gender doesn’t matter, yet they all ask if you’re male or female with no choice to ignore answering so I’m sceptical regarding any real change.
    My Broker is charging a fee of €45 for renewal through them. I went online myself and got a cheaper quote than they got for me. A follow up call from the insurer got me another 5% off. Needless to say I’m taking care of business myself this year.

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    Mute cosmological
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    Mar 21st 2014, 7:55 AM

    ‘Gender directive’ – hate these euphemisms.

    17
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    Mute Emily Elephant
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    Mar 21st 2014, 8:13 AM

    It’s not a euphemism. There really is a European Directive and it really does deal with gender. Council Directive 2004/113/EC if you’re interested.

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    Mute Denise Cronin
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:26 AM

    So equal pay will be next on the agenda. Men get paid more than women in the same job so I suppose when they balance it as they have done here, the extra pay we will get will offset the hike in insurance. Of course by the same token the drop in wages for men will be offset by the drop in insurance

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    Mute Etienne de Montfort
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    Mar 21st 2014, 5:16 PM

    No they don’t

    5
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    Mute Eon Barry
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    Mar 21st 2014, 10:20 AM

    Equality, its all fun and games untill you see what it really means :)

    9
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    Mute Deasun Mac An Choiligh
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    Mar 21st 2014, 1:55 PM

    Smoking , drinking heavily , pharmacuetical drug dependence , illegal drug use , over or under eating & depression would be factored into a quote for health cover , why not the practice of unsafe sex?

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    Mute Ailbhe O'Nolan
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    Mar 21st 2014, 3:09 PM

    It depends on how the companies define unsafe sex? It also would depend on how they would regulate it and prove it. If people don’t admit to it, and are healthy, it can’t be proven. Unlike smoking, drug use, dangerous work etc.

    1
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