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The 15-minute city: how Ireland's conspiracy theorists grew to fear an urban planning concept

The concept has become an unlikely flashpoint in a global culture war.

ALMOST TWO MONTHS before bemused observations accompanied dire warnings about the ’15-minute city’ on social media, Gemma O’Doherty was among the few people in Ireland who openly railed against the concept.

“Marxist Dublin councils are planning to lock you down on a permanent basis through their #15minutecity prison system,” the anti-lockdown campaigner and former newspaper journalist claimed on Twitter in early January.

“Tell everyone you know about this and how these criminals want to control your every move.”

In the weeks since, conspiracy theories about the ’15-minute city’ – a trendy but bland urban planning concept – have snowballed in conspiracy communities here and abroad.

Five people were arrested in Oxford last week during a protest against a plan stemming from the idea of a 15-minute city, while Tory MP Nick Fletcher also claimed in the House of Commons this month that the “socialist” idea would reduce personal freedoms.

The concept has now become an unlikely flashpoint in a global culture war, and its popularity is gaining momentum in conspiracy groups that were once dedicated to fighting Covid-19 lockdowns.   

But despite claims by these groups to the contrary, the ’15-minute city’ concept is neither Marxist in origin nor a form of totalitarian control.

In a nutshell, the 15-minute city is a system of urban planning that would enable every resident in a city to access the daily amenities they might need – work, housing, health, education, and culture and leisure – within a 15-minute walking or cycling distance.

Underlying the concept is the hope that it could enable people to live more sustainably, reducing the need for private vehicles and a wider reliance on fossil fuels, as well as an improvement in local areas and citizens’ quality of life.

But just because the idea envisages that all daily amenities can be found within a 15-minute radius, it doesn’t mean there is a limit on where citizens can go: people will still be allowed to move freely about if they so choose.

“This is really about enhancing people’s quality of life,” explains Niamh Moore-Cherry, a Professor of Urban Governance and Development at the School of Geography in UCD.

“If you think about how small towns in Ireland would have evolved: people might have lived over a shop; they would have had their business there; they might have walked to school; they’d have the local library, the post office and the bank. Everything was pretty accessible.

“But the nature of planning has changed. We have these more sprawling cities with developments on the edge, so people are in their cars, traveling longer distances, just to access basic things. And the centres in our towns are dying.

“This is something that the idea of the 15-minute city could really help to tackle, by kind of encouraging the redevelopment of our town centres rather than building more new things that are further and further away.”

Covid pandemic

The concept of the 15-minute city is attributed to the Colombian urbanist Carlos Moreno, who is said to have developed the idea in 2015 and then coined the term ’15-minute city’ the following year.

The idea became particularly fashionable during the Covid-19 pandemic, when remote working became more commonplace and people couldn’t travel long distances.

A number of cities across the world, including Paris, London, Melbourne, Buenos Aires and Milan, have since introduced policies based on the ’15-minute’ concept, while others have signaled their intention to do so.

In Dublin, the idea has been adopted as part of the city council’s latest Development Plan, which runs until 2028, with the hope that doing so will “strengthen the connection between people and the places they live by building on local character”.

“It means that if you don’t want to have long commutes away from your family or where you live to do things you need, you can do it in your local area,” Green Party councillor Michael Pidgeon says.

It won’t have huge planning implications, and it won’t have the implications that groups say it will – if people want to travel outside their local area to do things, they’ll be able to do that as well.

However, the broader move to more remote living during the pandemic also acted as a catalyst for conspiracy theorists to band together. 

As well as popularising the idea of remote working and staying local, the lockdowns introduced in response to the spread of Covid-19 united various conspiracy groups in a way that has never been seen before.

Among other theories, the pushback against lockdowns also evolved into a false narrative that Covid-19 measures were a precursor to future lockdowns related to climate change.

Believers in that conspiracy claim that governments will use climate change as a front to prohibit people from using cars, eating meat, or traveling a certain distance outside their area. 

That has led to a wave of post-pandemic conspiracies and protests against measures to protect the climate and ideas that promote sustainable living – like the 15-minute city, which is held up as ‘evidence’ of impending restrictions on the distance people can travel.

“As populations recover from the trauma of the pandemic, there is greater fear and grievance to capitalise upon, and a broader constituency who could be turned against climate action,” a report from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), a group that monitors misinformation, warned.

coronavirus-sat-oct-10-2020 Gardaí and demonstrators during an anti-lockdown protest in Dublin PA PA

Oxford protest

Although climate conspiracies – including those about the 15-minute city – remain on the fringes in Ireland, they are the subject of increasing discussion among groups here.

Since the middle of last month, conspiracies about the 15-minute city have gathered momentum among conspiracy influencers and in channels originally set up to protest against Covid-19 lockdowns, 5G technology and other measures.

“Every town and every city throughout the UK and Ireland should declare an all-out ban on 5G, smart meters, 15 minute towns/cities and end this military style takeover of our nation,” one post in an Irish anti-5G group on Facebook this week read.

“The people of Ireland, especially Dublin, need to get onto the streets and protest against the 15 minute city farce, they want to restrict freedom of movement,” another Twitter user wrote.

The opposition to 15-minute cities here can be traced back to a campaign and protests against a traffic reduction scheme in Oxfordshire in the UK.

The proposal, which would prevent drivers in Oxford from using certain routes at peak times, was incorrectly conflated with the 15-minute city idea in social media posts beginning in December and has gathered pace since then.

The system is already in place in a number of English cities and Oxford was simply going to make it permanent (it had already been implemented during the pandemic), but the news was seized upon by conspiracy theorists who labelled it a “climate lockdown”.

Last month, a critical leaflet campaign by a group called Not Our Future claimed that people in the city were “guinea pigs” and that councillors had been “duped” into bringing in the proposal.

The leaflets also falsely linked the plan to United Nations climate change measures – and incorrectly suggested that climate change is a hoax.

An investigation has since found that the campaign by Not our Future is being boosted by “an international network of established climate and Covid science deniers and amplified by right-wing media”.

But since the campaign began, posts about 15-minute cities have been shared by Irish users almost daily in what were once anti-lockdown groups on the messaging app Telegram – often forwarded from other conspiracy groups with a UK focus.

One Telegram channel this week claimed that Ireland is “getting ready to launch 15-minute zones’, while several channels shared videos of protests in Oxford last week celebrating demonstrators for rallying against ‘restrictions’ on freedom of movement.

Social media users have repeatedly shared a presentation to Dublin City Council last year outlining how the 15-minute city concept would work in the capital.

And in recent weeks, Irish Telegram users have variously described the 15-minute city concept as “Nazi 15-minute districts”, “digital gulags”, “prison camps” and “smart city prisons”.

The latter term can also be traced back to earlier conspiracies about another concept called the ‘smart city’, in which electronic methods are used to gather information from citizens, devices, and buildings to help improve operations in an urban area.

Conspiracy theories about this concept claim, among other things, that world governments have linked up with Big Tech firms including Google and Microsoft to introduce mass surveillance via facial recognition and microchips in Covid-19 vaccines.

They also suggest that the plan to introduce smart cities are being ushered in by the World Economic Forum as part of the Great Reset, which conspiracy theorists believe is part of a plan by global elites to introduce a world order and erode personal freedoms.

Death threats

But although the 15-minute conspiracy remains on the fringe here, recent events in Oxford – and in Ireland during the pandemic – show how far things can go if disinformation is left unchecked.

In Oxford, unfounded claims have drowned out the voices of those objecting to the new measures for traditional reasons, such as local businesses who fear a loss of revenue. 

Misinformation reached such levels before Christmas that Oxfordshire County Council and Oxford City Council were forced to issue a joint statement denying that residents would be confined to their own 15-minute areas. 

And staff and councillors working for both authorities reported how they were subjected to abuse, including in the form of death threats.

“I’m still feeling a bit bruised, if I’m honest, and a bit cautious,” Duncan Enright, a member of Oxfordshire County Council who experienced threats over the proposal, told the BBC.

“This is something I’ve never experienced before in many years in local politics.”

Ireland, of course, is no stranger to threats from conspiracy theorists railing against what they see as the government’s tyranny.

Demonstrations against Covid lockdowns in recent years occasionally turned violent, while senior Government figures were also given security advice after anti-vaccine protesters picketed outside their homes.

The ISD previously warned that the violent rhetoric of Covid-sceptic groups, which now form the basis of those warning about climate lockdowns, should “not be underestimated”.

At present, no new marches against the idea are in the pipeline in Ireland. But if disinformation gathers momentum, protests may yet come to pass.

“I’ve heard this referred to as climate lockdown, but this is not about locking people down,” UCD’s Professor Niamh Moore-Cherry adds.

“It’s not about restricting movement. It’s actually the complete reverse. It’s about people making people’s lives easier and better and giving them more time to do the things they want to do themselves.”

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66 Comments
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    Mute Paul Gorry
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    Feb 26th 2023, 2:41 AM

    Let’s get a 15 minute waiting list in our hospitals first! Greens out.

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    Mute James Lough
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    Feb 26th 2023, 5:10 AM

    @Paul Gorry: greens out, think you are missing a few other parties!

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    Mute OnlyHereForTheComments
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    Feb 26th 2023, 1:18 AM

    @Ian James Burgess: Jesus wept. Ok, I’ll bite. What freedoms are being curtailed by this proposal? I’ll tell you. Zero. Just the latest in a long line of theories that Gemmaroid and her band of misfits latch on to and promote in an attempt to keep themselves relevant.

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    Mute Tighe
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    May 5th 2023, 3:40 PM

    @OnlyHereForTheComments: Then you obviously know nothing about the United Nations net zero agenda 21. Do us (and yourself) a favour and do some research.

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    Mute Cathal Murphy
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    Feb 26th 2023, 1:54 AM

    @Ian James Burgess: which part of all that screamed “ban freedom of movement” to you?

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    Mute Type17
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    Feb 26th 2023, 7:15 AM

    If you don’t understand how anything works, everything looks like a conspiracy theory – time for some people to sharpen their critical thinking skills… and if you think that it’s not you being referred to, then it probably is.

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    Mute JedBartlett
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    Feb 26th 2023, 7:29 AM

    @Type17: Agreed. Critical thinking needs to be taught in schools. Unfortunately, these days the term ‘critical thinker’ is used as a pejorative and is mainly attributed to conspiracy theorists, ironically by those who seem unable to engage in critical thinking .

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    Mute Brenda McCormack
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    Feb 26th 2023, 7:32 AM

    NO to the 15minute Cities

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    Mute Shane Hickey
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    Feb 26th 2023, 8:08 AM

    @Brenda McCormack: why? Why do you want to have to drive to do your shopping or go to a restaurant?

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    Mute Doug
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    Feb 26th 2023, 8:14 AM

    @Brenda McCormack: Calm down Gemma!

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    Mute Gin & Jetfuel
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    Feb 26th 2023, 11:58 AM

    @Brenda McCormack: Please provide 3 negatives to having your work, shops, amenities and schools within a 15 min journey from your home?

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    Mute Marcus
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    Feb 26th 2023, 12:38 AM

    Even debunking this nonsense gives succour to these twits. Look at the comments here already.

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    Mute thesaltyurchin
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    Feb 26th 2023, 11:10 AM

    @Marcus: It’s mad to think of primordial man pointing at the sky and proclaiming it falling, apart from having to listen to it for longer there’s not much changed with us really.

    19
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    Mute Fi Wyse
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    Feb 26th 2023, 5:38 AM

    Being able to afford to live 15 minutes near my parents is a nice concept.
    In reality though it’s about 77 km each way and two tolls m3 / m50 which with no traffic is 50 mins.
    Work a snippet easier at 50km and a 2 hour bus journey door to door.

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    Mute Shane Hickey
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    Feb 26th 2023, 7:53 AM

    @Ian James Burgess: ummm nothing happened to freedom of movement. Your imagination is what’s wandered away

    161
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    Mute Tighe
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    May 5th 2023, 10:29 AM

    @Shane Hickey: The 15 minute city is part of the UN agenda 21. On the surface it appears fantastic but the reality is no so. Where they have started to implement it in the U.K. has lead to a huge decrease in local business and people are not happy with mass surveillance and road blocks. As a cyclist I like the new cycle lanes however not at the expense of whole high streets loosing a substantial part of their businesses. Small shops are struggling and town centres are becoming desolate due to the lack of parking, of course if you make your money from online services it doesn’t matter but many of us don’t. All these so called conspiracy theorists are ordinary people who have taken the trouble to find out what this agenda 21 actually entails.

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    Mute Mick Mc Ginn
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    Feb 26th 2023, 10:05 AM

    The problem here is some people just don’t trust the government. And with some justification considering the scandals, wrong decisions and u turns of recent times.
    The idea of the convenience of almost everything being 15 mins away is great.
    However, if this is “enforced” in any way by restricting freedoms, it would be simply wrong and of course people would be against it. .

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    Mute Tomás Barrett
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    Feb 26th 2023, 11:31 AM

    @Mick Mc Ginn: “enforced ” hopefully it will be. It would be great if as part of planning their would have to be shops, medical centres, etc within walking distance.

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    Mute Gin & Jetfuel
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    Feb 26th 2023, 12:01 PM

    @Mick Mc Ginn: How exactly could the Govt enforce a 15 min limit to your movement?

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    Mute Mick Mc Ginn
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    Feb 26th 2023, 2:13 PM

    @Gin & Jetfuel: The real dilemma is how the government makes it work inclusively without enforcement. It’s needs to work for people who would prefer their own means of transport and not at the expense of others.
    If the government fine or make it difficult for cars in favour of pedestrians or vice versa it’s not fair.
    It doesn’t need to be hijacked either a conspiracy or a green agenda.
    It is possible for us all to get along and make it work if we can apply ourselves inclusively to the problem and just simply tolerate each other.

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    Mute JedBartlett
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    Feb 26th 2023, 6:31 AM

    There is no bigger amplifier for these people than The Journal. If you didn’t keep writing articles about them and ‘the far right’, nobody outside of these lions own little bubble would even know they existed.

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    Mute JedBartlett
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    Feb 26th 2023, 6:36 AM

    @JedBartlett: *loons

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    Mute Peter
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    Feb 26th 2023, 9:02 AM

    All I had to do was read that Gemma is against it and I knew it was most likely a good idea, the more I read about better services within a 15 min commute the better it sounds and I certainly don’t see anything in the suggestions that would cause me to worry about restrictions of movement. What wrong with having more services near to home? Heaven forbid we improve city and town centres. What’s mad about this is the people like Gemma going off on one because they imagine and only see the absolute worst in everything and everyone. They are a bunch of lunatics who desperately need a real education and most likely clinical in patient help in Newcastle. I almost feel sorry for them but then I think of the harm they cause to everyone.

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    Mute John Carberry
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    Feb 26th 2023, 8:35 AM

    Must be awful to have amenities available within 15 minutes of home. Absolute hell. It’s much nicer to drive an hour for basic amenities.

    No, wait, the other thing.

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    Mute Rafa Condron
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    Feb 26th 2023, 7:59 AM

    What if someone comes up with a ’14 minute city’ – I’d rather live there.

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    Mute Rafa Condron
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    Feb 26th 2023, 8:02 AM

    @Rafa Condron:

    Hitchhiker : You heard of this thing, the 8-Minute Abs?
    Ted : Yeah, sure, 8-Minute Abs. Yeah, the excercise video.

    Hitchhiker : Yeah, this is going to blow that right out of the water. Listen to this: 7… Minute… Abs.

    Ted : Right. Yes. OK, all right. I see where you’re going.

    Hitchhiker : Think about it. You walk into a video store, you see 8-Minute Abs sittin’ there, there’s 7-Minute Abs right beside it. Which one are you gonna pick, man?

    Ted : I would go for the 7.

    ….

    Ted : That’s right. That’s – that’s good. That’s good. Unless, of course, somebody comes up with 6-Minute Abs. Then you’re in trouble, huh?

    [Hitchhiker convulses]

    Hitchhiker : No! No, no, not 6! I said 7. Nobody’s comin’ up with 6. Who works out in 6 minutes? You won’t even get your heart goin, not even a mouse on a wheel.

    Ted : That – good point.

    59
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    Mute Mick Tobin
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    Feb 26th 2023, 12:37 AM

    @Ian James Burgess: If you don’t want it you could move to the UK since they’ve binned it.

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    Mute James Lough
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    Feb 26th 2023, 5:08 AM

    @Ian James Burgess: can’t fix stu……….píd………..ity

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    Mute Steve O'Hara-Smith
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    Feb 26th 2023, 10:25 AM

    It’s strange, one of the touted advantages of city life over country life is convenience. Yet here in rural North Kerry on a 3/4 plot I could cycle to the shops in 15 minutes easily enough. I can drive into the nearest town in twenty minutes (including parking).
    I réad of two hour bus journeys to work and boggle, I could work in a different county with a shorter commute. As it is I work from home because our nearest office is two hours away in another county.
    What is so great about cities that everyone seems to want to pack themselves into them.

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    Mute Diarmuid Hunt
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    Feb 26th 2023, 11:09 AM

    @Steve O’Hara-Smith: Employment opportunities usually drive city growth.

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    Mute Shane Hickey
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    Feb 27th 2023, 1:50 PM

    @Steve O’Hara-Smith: i am blind and cannot drive. I grew up six miles outside Limerick city. You have no idea what a prison it felt like. An expensive unreliable bus service (expensive because it was an expressway bus and more often than not, didn’t show up). I now live in south London and literally everything is within walking distance, theatres, pubs, offices, shops, museums and parks. I moved back to London ten years ago after frustratingly bad infrastructure in Ireland (outside Dublin where i refuse to live)

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    Mute Adrian Hennessy
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    Feb 26th 2023, 9:16 AM

    If the gemmaroids are against it then it can only be a good thing.
    Only total looballs can equate “having amenities closer to you” with “rEstRicTin Mah FreEDoms”

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    Mute Pat Barry
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    Feb 26th 2023, 9:10 AM

    Didn’t the Civil Service try decentralisation before and they couldn’t even do that?

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    Mute Tomás Barrett
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    Feb 26th 2023, 11:27 AM

    @Pat Barry: not exactly the same thing.

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    Mute Max Bailey
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    Feb 26th 2023, 9:12 AM

    The conspiracy loons get more and more deranged. You’d have to be wired wrong to thing that a pensioner sat in traffic for an hour on the way to a doctor’s appointment is somehow more “free” than having it 15 mins walk away. We’ve been told by these paranoid maniacs that more lockdowns would be coming following covid as well…… I’m still waiting.

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    Mute DJ François
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    Feb 26th 2023, 7:38 AM

    Utterly daft tinfoil nonsense.

    99
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    Mute David Jordan
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    Feb 26th 2023, 3:37 PM

    @Ian James Burgess: This is about your freedom to access what you need within 15 minutes from your home, 15 minutes walk to a park for a, walk in a green space, or play soccer, 15 minute walk to the shops, instead of getting stuck in a traffic travelling to a Lidl 5 km away. You should have freedom to access parks, open spaces, natural areas, park recreational activities, shops, entertainment, within 15 minutes walk from where you live.

    Crazy people have turned this on its head, and claim they want to stop people from travelling more than15 minutes. No, it’s about making life easy so you’re not forced to travel more than 15 minutes away from where you live.

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    Mute Séamus MacIonnrachtaigh
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    Feb 26th 2023, 12:49 PM

    Who could possibly think that having everything you need within 15 minutes of your house, allowing you to use your car less and possibly even get rid of it altogether, freeing you from a massive financial burden and reducing your impact on the environment, could be a bad thing?
    Oh right, Gemma OD and her unhinged ilk.

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    Mute Keith Lenihan
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    Feb 26th 2023, 6:04 PM

    When did it become normal for people to loudly advertise their paranoia and thickness?

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    Mute Shane Hickey
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    Feb 27th 2023, 1:53 PM

    @Keith Lenihan: when the internet became important. These loons were always there but now they have a community. Previously we’d just stay away from them but the internet makes it impossible

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    Mute thesaltyurchin
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    Feb 26th 2023, 11:10 AM

    trains. fast ones.

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    Mute Paul Cunningham
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    Feb 26th 2023, 3:54 PM

    Some right melts in the comments section here. Justifying that people will believe in anything so long as it inconveniences them a small amount.

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    Mute Joe_X
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    Feb 26th 2023, 4:06 PM

    @Paul Cunningham: depends on your side on the debate….there are others on here who think everyone living in the rural areas are the worst thing since the asteroid strike that wiped out the dinosaurs and if you do not live in a city, your a thicko who does not care for the enviroment.

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    Mute Tighe
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    May 5th 2023, 2:54 AM

    There is a lot of misinformation about the 15 minute city however it’s not what it’s being sold as, it’s coming with road blocks and constant video surveillance. People are having to apply for passes to visit adjoining neighbourhoods and these are being restricted and people are finding they cannot do the school run or visit their grandparents. Also where it has already been implemented it’s having a devastating effect on local businesses.
    All these people putting others down because they are raising concerns is ridiculous. I had no idea how narrow minded the majority of Irish people are, you really have become like a flock of sheep who believe anything you’re told without question.

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    Mute oatrick ryan
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    Apr 10th 2023, 10:01 PM

    So there is to be a hospital within 15 mins of everyone in Dublin? And even if there were you would be waiting on a trolley for a couple of days, fix the problems we have now instead of wasting time on a fairy story.

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    Mute Bill Sherlock
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    Feb 27th 2023, 2:04 AM

    I am Irish, working in Australia and the number of transport planner talks in Sydney that I had to stay awake thought as the planners droned on about how Sydney would be the new multi centred 20 minutes city.
    Ireland should be proud of the high quality morons that it is still producing.

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    Mute Keith Lenihan
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    Feb 26th 2023, 11:58 PM

    @Ian James Burgess: nothing.

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